Highways in historical vortexes
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Brownian vortexes.
Mechanical equilibrium at zero temperature does not necessarily imply thermodynamic equilibrium at finite temperature for a particle confined by a static but nonconservative force field. Instead, the diffusing particle can enter into a steady state characterized by toroidal circulation in the probability flux, which we call a Brownian vortex. The circulatory bias in the particle's thermally dri...
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A Brownian vortex is noise-driven machine that uses thermal fluctuations to extract a steadystate flow of work from a static force field. Its operation is characterized by loops in a probability current whose topology and direction can change with changes in temperature. We present discrete threeand four-state minimal models for Brownian vortexes that can be solved exactly with a master equatio...
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Brownian vortexes are stochastic machines that use static non-conservative force fields to bias random thermal fluctuations into steadily circulating currents [1, 2]. The archetype for this class of systems is a colloidal sphere in an optical tweezer [1, 3, 4]. Trapped near the focus of a strongly converging beam of light, the particle is displaced by random thermal kicks into the nonconservati...
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IN T R O D U C T IO N More than 76,000 miles of roads are under county control in Indiana—a responsibility for county road authorities which almost defies measurement. The magnitude of the task is indicated, however, by two factors: annual expenditures, which in 1958 totaled over $40 million, and employment, which totaled several thousand persons. This responsibility places great problems on th...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: CAD&GIS for roads
سال: 2017
ISSN: 2310-4376
DOI: 10.17273/cadgis.2017.2.7